Hello, this is 6 Minute English from BBC Learning English.

I’m Neil.

And I’m Becca.

Now, today, we’re going to be talking about the very serious topic of war and how it affects children.

Some of the discussions you hear will mention death and trauma.

The most recent figure from 2024 says that 520 million children are living in conflict zones.

That’s about one in every five children worldwide.

In this episode, we’ll hear from Fergal Keane on the BBC World Service Programme The Global Story.

Fergal is a BBC reporter known best for reporting from war zones around the world and, as a result, developed PTSD, a type of stress disorder.

We’ll be finding out what PTSD stands for at the end of the programme.

Now, in the clips we’ll hear journalist Asma Khalid asks Fergal Keane about his own experience with childhood trauma.

Fergal grew up in a home with an alcoholic father.

Asma wanted to know how his own trauma affected his reporting on the experiences of children in warzones:

I was hyper-vigilant from the very earliest age, obviously watching out, you know, am I under threat, is there a danger to me here?

Fergal mentions that he was hyper-vigilant because was in dangerous situations as a child.

The adjective vigilant means to always be careful to notice things, particularly when there is a possibility of danger.

Yes. And the prefix hyper- expresses that there is a lot of or even too much of something.

Though neutral, it is often used in negative or critical contexts.

So, hyper-vigilant means very, very careful and thoughtful.

Hypervigilance, the noun, is a state of extreme alertness and sensitivity to surroundings, possibly of extreme anxiety.

Now let’s hear from Fergal as he talks about research on the experience of children in warzones:

I mean, they disagree about a few things, but on this they’re absolutely of one mind.

Fergal mentions that ’they’, the researchers, disagree about their findings.

But they’re absolutely of one mind when considering the recovery of war trauma.

If you are of one mind, you are of a group of people that share the same opinion, desire, or viewpoint on a matter.

Researchers may disagree on whether the experiences of children in warzones is improving, but on the point of recovery, they are of one mind on that you can’t recover from war trauma if you continue living with it.

Fergal goes on to talk about some of the ways in which these children might be helped:

And so there’s a new field of theory, well I mean relatively new field of theory which encourages children to slowly and carefully try to confront obviously not death and massacre again, but things like learning to sleep alone, not having to sleep with a parent because that’s what they did during the war because they were so consistently terrified.

Now, it sounds like a simple thing, but as anybody who’s tried to put a child to sleep, who’s had a nightmare, a child who hasn’t been traumatised will know it’s very difficult.

Fergal says that children should be encouraged to slowly and carefully try to confront their experiences.

To confront something is to meet with it or deal with it.

For the children to confront their terrifying experiences, they must start with more simple things, like learning to sleep alone.

Sleeping alone seems simple enough, but Fergal compares the experiences of a children of in a warzone to that of children who have nightmares.

Yes, and a nightmare is a very scary or upsetting dream.

It can also be used metaphorically to describe unpleasant events or experiences.

Now, let’s hear Fergal talk about what he has learned from reporting on children in warzones:

The big lesson is that, given a chance, the human spirit, and especially children, are phenomenally resilient.

Fergal describes the children as being phenomenally resilient.

The noun phenomenon, or phenomena in its plural form, refers to an observable fact or event that can be experienced through the senses.

The adverb phenomenally describes something being done or felt in an extreme or surprising way.

To be resilient is to be able to recover from and come back from something difficult or bad that’s happened.

So, Fergal says that children can be surprisingly positive despite the negative things happening around them.

They are phenomenally resilient.

A result of these negative things could be PTSD.

Earlier we mentioned PTSD and it stands for post-traumatic stress disorder.

Yes, and the P in PTSD stands for post-, as we’ve just heard.

And the prefix post- expresses something that happens after or as a result of the event it’s attached to.

Now, let’s recap the vocabulary.

We first had hyper-vigilant, that is to be very careful or maybe almost too careful to notice things, particularly when there is a possibility of danger.

To be of one mind is to be part of a group of people that share the same opinion, desire, or viewpoint on a matter.

We had confront something.

That is to meet with it or deal with it.

A nightmare is a scary or upsetting dream.

To do something phenomenally is to do it in an extreme or surprising way.

And to be resilient is to be able to recover and come back from something difficult or bad that’s happened.

Once again, our six minutes are up.

Goodbye for now.

Bye.